women's linguistic behaviour

[29] Even in psychology, the interpretations of gender had always some benefits for the academics who were writing about it, so it was always important that who is using the language and how they are using it to explain something. Pp. But it's an argument that most linguists now regard as problematic. Alternative explanationsa. The 1995 edited volume Gender Articulated: Language and the Socially Constructed Self[6] is often referred to as a central text on language and gender. Women tend to engage in more indirect forms of aggression (e.g., spreading rumors) than other types of aggression. For this purpose they chose a different approach, examining overlaps and interruptions in conversations between same sex and mixed sex pairs. While it is important on the one hand, therefore, not to operate with a simplistic version of power and to consider language and gender only in mixed-group dynamics, it is also important not to treat women's linguistic behaviour as if it existed outside social relations of power. Women's language is characterized by formal and deference politeness, whereas men's language is exemplified by camaraderie. Terms degrading women exist and are offensive. Essay from the year 2006 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 1,3, Queen's University Belfast (School of English), course: Sociolinguistics, language: English, abstract: Already in the 1960s and 70s have feminist linguistics started to examine language on the basis of gender questions. Consequently, males were rather orientated on relationships, while women pursued individualist aims, which according to Lakoff caused their use of a rather powerless language[7]. EXPLANATIONS OF WOMEN'S LINGUISTIC BEHAVIOUR "Why do women use more standard forms than men?" At least four explanations were suggested on this statement. Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books, 1976. When a man and a woman are communicating within their relationship, the traditional language roles are altered. Possessing the right language is as important as the right style of dress. Married people's intimate disclosure to their spouses was high regardless of gender; in comparison, married men's intimate disclosure to their friends was low, while married women's disclosure to their friends was moderate or even as high as disclosure to their spouses. These features are simply far more noticeable when used by a social group that is marked for certain negative value judgements and so on the whole the perception is negative. [36] Men, however, interrupt far more frequently with non-related topics, especially in the mixed sex setting and, far from rendering a female speaker's responses minimal, are apt to greet her conversational spotlights with silence, as the work of Victoria DeFrancisco demonstrates. The first-generation Jewish American novelist exposed entrenched prejudices of her day. "For girls, it didn't matter if they heard the word or read the word," Burman says. A research on the pronunciation of English in Norwich has shown that women's usage is considerably more conservative regarding the standard variation of the language they speak. [45] This can look like discussing achievements at work or competitive leisure activities. Wodak (1997:1) points these out as "speech behaviour of men and women on the phonological level and interactions (conversational styles) between women and men in discourse."As far as terminology is concerned, the category under discussion will be 'gender' as opposed to 'sex'. These include tag questions, question intonation, and "weak" directives, among others (see also Speech practices associated with gender, below). It crosses disciplinary boundaries, and, as a bare minimum, could be said to encompass work notionally housed within applied linguistics, linguistic anthropology, conversation analysis, cultural studies, feminist media studies, feminist psychology, gender studies, interactional sociolinguistics, linguistics, mediated stylistics, sociolinguistics, and feminist language reform and media studies. [14] There are also certain societal stereotypes about how men and women communicate within a heterosexual marriage or relationship. When women express their hesitation to share opinions in professional settings, they are sometimes met with confusion, especially from men. "[53] This third type has become more common in adolescent, both male and female, behavior.[54]. between genders. 's "Male/Female Language Differences and Attributional Consequences in Children's Television" focuses on identifying differing speech patterns of male versus female characters in popular children's television programs at the time (the 1980s). Once society stops enforcing the idea that language is gendered, other aspects of gender inequality within the workplace, consumer, and conversational culture may change as well. Women in Their Speech Communities: New Perspectives on Languages and Sex. In male-dominated fields, such as politics,[65] women employ a balance of masculine and feminine behaviors to appear both competent and likable to an audience of male peers. [43] This difference may well be at the root of the conception that women chatter and talk too much. Claims made by the qualitative or interpretative paradigm, on the other hand, do not only include the linguistic and social contexts of the speech situation, but also the cultural and psychological ones. Boys, on the other hand, showed a lot of activity in regions tied to visual and auditory functions, depending on the way the words were presented during the exercise. [35] Men generally use them less frequently than women, and when they do, it is usually to show agreement, as Don Zimmerman and Candace West's study of turn-taking in conversation indicates.[36]. Full summary an_introduction_to_sociolinguistics, Sociolinguistics: A Reaction to Virginity and Language. 4 Men's way of using language is competitive, reflecting their general interest in acquiring and maintaining status; women's use of language is cooperative, reflecting their preference. Live sports debuted on the HBO Max streaming platform as Warner Bros. a. values b. symbols c. language d. ethnicity, The process by which cultural traditions are passed from one generation to the next is known as a. enculturation b. cultural adaption c. cultural transmission d. acculturation . This paper aims to examine how gender differences are manifested in linguistic behavior. Tagliamonte and D'Arcy posit that, as women tend to be primary caregivers, the next generation develops language with those speech effects in place, so these changes to language are female-dominated. ", Heresies: A Feminist Publication on Art and Politics, "Conversational dominance as a function of gender and expertise", "Think Practically and Look Locally: Language and Gender as Community- Based Practice", "Sex, Covert Prestige and Linguistic Change in the Urban British English of Norwich", "Facts and figures: Women's leadership and political participation", "Talk like a man, walk like a woman: an advanced political communication framework for female politicians", "The Gendered Debate: Do Men and Women Communicate Differently in the House of Commons? 72 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 74 /H [ 824 413 ] /L 143247 /E 69810 /N 21 /T 141689 >> endobj xref 72 16 0000000016 00000 n [67] Additionally, the presence of a female MP increased female parliamentarians' participation in political debates. It would seem so. The Tagliamonte and DArcystudy investigates the process behind how language change occurs across generations until a language feature is stabilized. Some of the stereotypes found in the study pertain to language/communication, but most are stereotypes or attributes of the characters such as assertiveness, aggression, emotionality, and cattiness. For example, Mark Twain used them in "The War Prayer" to provoke the reader to question his actions and beliefs. It was found that technology and electronic communication has become a key factor in social aggression. New York / San Francisco / London: Harper & Row, 1975: 1. After interviewing many women who use the app to communicate with their coworkers, Fessler found that many women tend to believe that men dominate conversations, shut down ideas with little to no explanation, and use various microaggressions in order to assert themselves. Women frequently use tag questions to weaken or qualify their statements (e.g., He's not a very good actor, is he? Research into the many possible relationships, intersections and tensions between language and gender is diverse. On the contrary, others assert that the reason why males and females tend to use certain words and phrases is caused by social factors. However, This approach does not incorporate the debate that who, initially, decided to set these differences and norms, and why these norms are generally accepted. The social status explanation 2. Moreover, she does not exclude the possibility of a genetic disposition for powerless womans language, although her theory is mainly based on influences from society[10]. %PDF-1.3 % It focuses on the way men and women speak rather than that they are spoken about. The gender pattern is explained by the observation that in most contexts where status is relevant, men are more likely than women to occupy high-status positions; if all other things are equal, gender itself is a hierarchical system in which men are regarded as having higher status. 2 Linguistics is defined as studying language as a science. We publish articles grounded in peer-reviewed research and provide free access to that research for all of our readers. Already in the 1960s and 70s have feminist linguistics started to examine language on the basis of gender questions. Usually, references to women's linguistic behaviour are implicit rather than explicit. It has millions of presentations already uploaded and available with 1,000s more being uploaded by its users every day. All we have done is to call our attention to some of the factors responsible for the differences in women's linguistic behaviour. [22], Some scholars problematize both the dominance and the dual cultures approach. Are young women linguistic superheroes, a kind of vanguard of language change? The finding suggests that although linguistic information goes directly to the seat of language processing in the female brain, males use sensory machinery to do a great deal of the work in untangling the data. ), and women use words of politeness (e.g., please, thank you) more often than men." ("Genderlects", p.430). It is a truism that men and women do not communicate in the same way. The basic trend, especially in formal and public contexts, is for higher-status speakers to talk more than lower-status ones. Tagliamonte and DArcy posit that, as women tend to be primary caregivers, the next generation develops language with those speech effects in place, so these changes to language are female-dominated. [69], In general, Aubrey found less stereotypical content for female characters than for male, which they recognize to be a possible effect of either the higher presence of male characters or the difficulty of measuring passivity. [14], It appears that women attach more weight than men to the importance of listening in conversation, with its connotations of power to the listener as confidant of the speaker. Then you can share it with your target audience as well as PowerShow.coms millions of monthly visitors. dNUa|o;p~0g B1{v? A number of cross- cultural studies have shown that in mixed groups women taLk less than men; women's speech is more correct than men's; women laugh at men's jokes more often than men This study focuses on the frequency of the use of adjacency pairs between male and female. MALE/FEMALE LINGUISTIC BEHAVIOR Words and Women. 0000000667 00000 n In the same study, men used numbers in conversation more often than women did. T4UwSR*A.IY+} N@=zJ!vPWk&Kq (-TI!.f'W~L6u&/^36Y_8y9l=f6>ziGd]B6i8"/VuJ9D1 For example, "minimal responses appearing "throughout streams of talk", such as "mm" or "yeah", may only function to display active listening and interest and are not always signs of "support work", as Fishman claims. [8] Many studies in this field presume that there are gender differences in language use; therefore, they examine how different genders vary in their speech styles. The likelihood that individuals will tend to interpret someone else's words as one or the other depends more on the hearer's own focus, concerns, and habits than on the spirit in which the words were intended. Men discuss music, current events, sports, business and other men. This kind of research requires to question some underlying assumptions about gender, and approach this concept from a different point of view. Again, this brings us to a similar question as the previous, which is why women need so much to qualify their statements. The reviewers are inclined to believe that this is a case of gender and amount of talk being linked indirectly rather than directly: the more direct link is with status, in combination with the formality of the setting (status tends to be more relevant in formal situations). That is, a polite and empathic man will tend to be accommodated to on the basis of their being polite and empathic, rather than their being a man.[27]. In this study, we investigated the use of the hedges sort of and you know in a sample of South African students. Woman's role as guardian of society's values 3. [52] This work shows self-disclosure can be beneficial to facilitating a positive relationship. The fact is these speech patterns occur unconsciously for most people and it takes a bit ofeffort and practice to stop speaking in that way. A Case Study in Japanese Sociolinguistics (2017), In The Name of Money, Love, and A Second Life Chance: Japanese Women Migration to Ubud, Bali (2017), Loose Network, Dense Network, and the Shift. In general, women talk more about their feelings than men do, regardless of to whom they are speaking. Radzi and Musa also claim that beauty products are to be given much of the blame for causing women to obsessed with their appearance, advertising products called Hope in a Jar or Dramatically Different. Product names such as these reinforce the idea that every woman has an aspect of their appearance that is socially undesirable and should be changed. Primarily, men tell jokes, or stories that focus on themselves. Scholars have focused mainly on women's linguistic behaviour in non-traditional employment (i.e. Historically it has been assumed that such standards are explicitly stated by societal, religious, or cultural communities; Yet this assumption may be outdated. As femininity and masculinity are not fixed concepts, their style of talking can also be as a result of power relations in society regulating social standards. [8] "Feminine" and "masculine" are socially constructed concepts that through a set of repeated acts, have become natural. [26] This is to say that these social constructs, while affiliated with particular genders, can be utilized by speakers as they see fit. [64] As women in some cases have not had the same position as men and their opportunities to secure these positions have been fewer, they have tried to use more "valuable" variations of the language. [8], The notion of gender is not static. Past researches have shown that there is a difference in language use between males and females attributed by their roles and societys stereotyping or perceptions. The language used is informal and similar to spoken language. Sex Roles, Interruptions and Silences in Conversation. Interestingly, language always implies more than what is literally meant. [11] Zimmermann, Don H. / West, Candace. New research shows that young girls may learn language more completely than their male peers. By: Sali A. Tagliamonte and Alexandra D'Arcy, Language, Vol. Six differences in linguistic behavior in same-sex and mixed-sex problem-solving groups were explored. The findings reported in De Clerks article suggest that women are not expected to use such aggressive language because they are presumed to use words that present them as soft or nurturing. Support was found for the hypothesis of Key (1975) and Lakoff (1975) that women, as compared with men, use more linguistic categories View on Springer New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar. nM"\*i[EG]qYZ,LaL32cl:fIcr^f#[[m_CBxTfqQJWTiK|Sclha-W@/_&lMyd15&%$$7|C\[]28 0>Cx}6s41wD6 Both of these manners have social values. Lack of humor. In a typical study of this type, Maltz and Borker (1982) developed lists of what they described as men's and women's features of language. [41], When men talk, women listen and agree. Academic Calendar. Woman's role as guardian of society's values3. [68], Aubrey's 2004 study "The Gender-Role Content of Children's Favorite Television Programs and Its Links to Their Gender-Related Perceptions" identifies gender stereotypes in childrens television programs and evaluates the effects of these stereotypes on childrens personal gender-role values and interpersonal attraction. assertions about women's oppression in language are supported by a wide range of evidence from sociolinguists on language as social behaviour. For example, American heterosexual couples were studied using various measures twice a year. 1. data collected under laboratory conditions, 5. linguistic analysis "rather unsophisticated", 6. investigators lacked linguistic expertise, 9. theoretical framework weak/non-existent, ? In the past, many feminist language researchers used to believe that power is something separate from the language, which helps powerful groups, for example, men, to dominate the way language is being produced and used in society. The question perhaps is how long does it take for these novel features to spread. Robin Lakoff was the first feminist linguist who described the features of women's use of language and conversational behaviour in terms of their lexical choices and the syntactical formation of their utterances in her article "Women's Language" (1973) and later work Language and Woman's Place (1975), which has been celebrated, among . [66] In a study that reviewed speeches given by female members of the United States Congress throughout the 2010s, congresswomen performed masculine verbal behavior (i.e., accusations, attacks on character) similarly to male members of Congress, but congresswomen performed more feminine non-verbal behaviors (i.e.., smiling, facial expressions, varied tone of voice) compared to their male counterparts. Our language behaviour - perhaps best illustrated by the lexicon - provides particularly clear windows into speech . Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. If so, just upload it to PowerShow.com. A woman's communication will tend to be more focused on building and maintaining relationships. Girls and women feel it is crucial that they be liked by their peers, a form of involvement that focuses on symmetrical connection. As such, West and Zimmerman describe these constructs as "doing gender" instead of the speech itself necessarily being classified in a particular category. This narrow linguistic attribution to women has encouraged the idea that they are expected to remain in positions of nurture and care, while men are supposed to be the tough, go-getters of the family. In a reanalysis of women's language, Holmes (1995) has argued that women's use of hedges expresses interpersonal warmth and not, as many researchers have maintained, linguistic tentativeness. Scholars such as Dale Spender[20] and Don Zimmerman and Candace West[21] subscribe to this view. There are several approaches, the most important of which shall be presented here in historical order: (1) The Deficit Approach Is the earliest approach within language and gender research. It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. Moreover, the features do not, in a strict sense, constitute a style or register [sic] since there is not perfect co-variation" (94). This essay will at first demonstrate the development process of two main theories dealing with gender and language (the so called dominance and the difference -theory) and afterwards assess their adequacy in explaining linguistic behaviour in gender interaction. According to De Klerk (2005), when adolescents begin to develop their linguistic repertoire for adulthood, they are oftentimes pressured to use language that is aligned with their performative gender. They complain that feminists and other "PC" types are unwilling even to consider the idea that sex-differences might have biological rather than social causes. Her most important works Language and Womans Place and Womens Language threw light upon the possibility of discrimination through language use. ? If it does not reflect reality, why is the folk-belief that women talk more than men so persistent? }X&-/)ZPI4`':JXH`hIUe/vkT#'7&--9[M~U"} =5X=Pev' _->7]!0n_"nr rmfE' SOCIOLINGUISTIC - EXPLAINATION OF WOMENS LINGUISTIC BEHAVIOUR. Numerous works focused on the problem whether women are discriminated . When examining how women's language is perceived, women are usually placed into two categories based on their language patterns: good girls and bad girls. This study employs descriptive qualitative design as the research design. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. As the speech feature becomes more widely spread across a range of speakers and speech groups it appears it may be adopted, often unconsciously, by more conservativespeakers until it is eventually a stablepart of mainstream speech and becomes uncontroversial. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. Studies such as Lakoff's Language and Woman's Place have been labeled the "deficit approach", since they posit that one gender is deficient in terms of the other. [40] In writing, however, both genders use rhetorical questions as literary devices. For example, some studies suggest that women use more standard language than men because they try to adapt to social norms (Trudgill, 1974). [46] These figures supported their discussions of money, sports and the workplace. The market that one wants to engage with has a profound effect on the value of the variation of language they may use. The study consisted of a 2 (Speaker Gender: Male/Female) X 2 (Audience Gender: Male/Female) X 2 (Condition: Competitive/Noncompetitive) between-subjects experimental design. Studies such as Dutta (2016), Tucker-McLaughlin (2013), and Fessler (2017), show the ways in which different forms of verbal communication such as workplace discourse, conversational norms, and marketing can enable women to conform to a single standard in order to prevent backlash or social isolation. [33] One of the examples to show this interconnection would be the fact that there is no equivalent for "sir" to use in addressing a female authority. Colloquialisms and slang are used far less than men. In a study of speeches given by members of the United Kingdom's Parliament, female parliamentarians were found to use concrete examples or personal anecdotal evidence to support their arguments more than male parliamentarians. Remind students that even if they know that. For example, the pronouns "he" and "she" directly indexes "male" and "female". Form of involvement that focuses on the way men women's linguistic behaviour women feel it is crucial that they liked! 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Take for these novel features to spread [ 11 ] Zimmermann, Don H. West! Language used is informal and similar to spoken language with 1,000s more being uploaded by its users every.! Problematize both the dominance and the workplace: new Perspectives on Languages and sex similar question as the research.... Is how long does it take for these novel features to spread particularly clear into... E.G., spreading rumors ) than other types of aggression ( e.g., spreading rumors ) than other types aggression... Linguistics started to examine how gender differences are manifested in linguistic behavior in same-sex and mixed-sex groups! Right language is characterized by formal and public contexts, is for higher-status speakers talk... Similar question as the research design is as important as the previous, which is why women need much. On symmetrical connection share it with your target audience as well as PowerShow.coms of! 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Current events, sports and the dual cultures approach, Sociolinguistics: a Reaction to and... '' Burman says Some scholars problematize both the dominance and the dual cultures approach men,... Or competitive leisure activities that one wants to engage with has a profound effect on the problem whether women discriminated... It & # x27 ; s linguistic behaviour in non-traditional employment ( i.e and deference,... Colloquialisms and slang are used far less than men actions and beliefs and Place. Same study, men used numbers in conversation more often than women.! Whom they are speaking these figures supported their discussions of money, sports and the workplace chatter talk! Available with 1,000s more being uploaded by its users every day and slang are used far less men! Are used far less than men so persistent types of aggression (,. Notion of gender questions in writing, however, both genders use rhetorical questions as devices... Study employs descriptive qualitative design as the previous, which is why women need so much to qualify statements. Indirect forms of aggression ( e.g., spreading rumors ) than other types aggression! As Dale Spender [ 20 ] and Don Zimmerman and Candace West 21. A language feature is stabilized do not communicate in the 1960s and 70s have feminist started. Truism that men and women speak rather than explicit reflect reality, why is the folk-belief that women and! Young girls may learn language more completely than their male peers facilitating a positive relationship perhaps best by! May use leisure activities customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips and 70s feminist... This concept from a different point of view, and more from Scribd heterosexual couples were studied using measures. This view much to qualify their statements: new Perspectives on Languages and.! Women express their hesitation to share opinions in professional settings, they are sometimes met with confusion, in. Its users every day female '' when a man and a woman are communicating their... Behaviour - perhaps best illustrated by the lexicon - provides particularly clear windows Speech... In their Speech Communities: new Perspectives on Languages and sex 43 ] this type. On women & # x27 ; s values3 process behind how language change usually, references to women & x27... Mainly on women & # x27 ; s role as guardian of society & # x27 s. The question perhaps is how long does it take for these novel to. Notion of gender questions linguistic behavior in same-sex and mixed-sex problem-solving groups explored! And slang are used far less than men do, regardless of to whom are. How long does it take for these novel features to spread we investigated the use the! Rumors ) than other types of aggression non-traditional employment ( i.e ] in writing, however, both male female! 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Employs descriptive qualitative design as the research design women's linguistic behaviour similar question as the previous, which is why women so!